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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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90
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oct_dec
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1105330.000
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1994-02-27
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<text>
<title>
(Nov. 05, 1990) Assault In The Amazon
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Nov. 05, 1990 Reagan Memoirs
</history>
<link 05136>
<link 03384>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ENVIRONMENT, Page 100
Assault In the Amazon
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Brazil tries to drive gold miners from the rain-forest home of
the Stone Age Yanomami tribe
</p>
<p>By Andrea Dorfman--Reported by John Maier, Jr./Boa Vista
</p>
<p> They swept through a remote northern stretch of the Amazon
rain forest on a mission to rescue one of South America's most
primitive peoples. Swooping over the jungle canopy in
helicopters and small planes, 80 Brazilian troops and
government officials have spent the past three weeks dynamiting
airstrips used by thousands of garimpeiros, or prospectors.
Lured to the Brazil-Venezuela border by one of the world's
richest deposits of gold, the garimpeiros have not only damaged
a precious patch of rain forest but have also threatened the
survival of the Yanomami, the Amazon's largest Stone Age tribe.
</p>
<p> This marks the government's second major effort to force
miners off Yanomami lands. In May troops blew up 14 landing
strips and drove out all but 8,000 of the 40,000 invaders. No
sooner had the soldiers left, however, than the garimpeiros
returned and rebuilt some of the airstrips. Says Joao Carlos
Nicolli, regional administrator of the federal Indian agency:
"The big gold lords weren't touched in the first operation. It
was a show for the foreigners." He thinks the government is
more serious this time. One sign: troops destroyed an airstrip
belonging to Jose Altino Machado, a prominent garimpeiro
leader. Officials say they hope to eliminate 48 landing sites
by December.
</p>
<p> Isolated from outsiders until the early 1900s, some 24,000
Yanomami still dwell in Brazil and Venezuela. They live in
doughnut-shaped communal homes, have no written language, wear
no clothes, use rudimentary tools and subsist by hunting,
fishing and cultivating a variety of crops, including sweet
potatoes and bananas.
</p>
<p> The gold rush, which began in 1987, has been devastating.
The garimpeiros have denuded large tracts of forest, poisoned
rivers with mercury and introduced numerous diseases. Since the
miners' arrival, more than 1,500 of the 10,000 Brazilian
Yanomami have died. Most succumbed to malaria, tuberculosis and
venereal disease, as well as malnutrition brought on by a
dwindling supply of fish and game. "They gave us rice and
wheat, but then we got sick," says a Yanomami named Saba, who
is recuperating from tuberculosis. "They pretended to be our
friends, but they are killing us."
</p>
<p> The government's assault on the miners seems to be working.
Since May, gold production in the area has dropped almost 70%,
and many local dealers have closed their operations. Moreover,
the Yanomami are starting to regain their health. In Paapiu
village, for example, where the malaria infection rate surged
from zero to 90% after the garimpeiros came, only 10% of the
Indians are now affected.
</p>
<p> But their long-term prospects are still clouded. Some of the
evicted miners are setting up shop on Yanomami land in
Venezuela. The Yanomami can only hope that both Venezuela and
Brazil will follow through on their promises to preserve the
Indians' land in protected parks.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>